7 Religious Christmas Quotes About Jesus

7 Religious Christmas Quotes About Jesus Christmas reminds us ofâ the hardships of Jesus Christ, and what better approach to recollect the explanation behind the season than strict quotesâ that center around the life of the savior. The comments that follow, both from the Bible and from noticeable Christians,â serve as an update that great consistently triumphs over malice. D. James Kennedy, Christmas Stories for the Heart The star of Bethlehem was a star of expectation that drove the shrewd men to the satisfaction of their desires, the accomplishment of their endeavor. Nothing in this world is more key for accomplishment in life than expectation, and this star highlighted our solitary hotspot for genuine expectation: Jesus Christ. Samuel Johnson The Church doesn't oddly watch days, just as days, however as commemorations of significant realities. Christmas may be kept too upon one day of the year as another; yet there ought to be an expressed day for recognizing the introduction of our Savior, in light of the fact that there is threat that what might be done on quickly, will be dismissed. Luke 2:9-14 What's more, lo, the blessed messenger of the Lord happened upon them, and the greatness of the Lord shone indirect them: and they were soâ afraid. Furthermore, the holy messenger said unto them, Fear not: for, observe, I bring you great news of extraordinary happiness, which will be to all individuals. For unto you is brought into the world this day in the city of David a Savior, which is Christ the Lord. Furthermore, this will be a sign unto you; Ye will discover the darling enveloped by wrapping up garments, lying in a trough. Also, abruptly there was with the holy messenger a huge number of the brilliant host applauding God, and saying, Glory to God in the most noteworthy, and on earth harmony, cooperative attitude toward men. George W. Truett Christ was conceived in the primary century, yet he has a place with all hundreds of years. He was brought into the world a Jew, yet He has a place with all races. He was conceived in Bethlehem, yet He has a place with all nations. Matthew 2:1-2 Presently when Jesus was conceived in Bethlehem of Judea in the times of Herod the lord, see, there came savvy men from the east to Jerusalem, saying, where is he that is conceived King of the Jews? For we have seen his star in the east, and are come to adore him. Larry Libby, Christmas Stories for the Heart Late on a languid, star-radiant night, those heavenly attendants stripped back the sky simply like you would tear open a shining Christmas present. At that point, with light and satisfaction spilling out of Heaven like water through a wrecked dam, they started to yell and sing the message that child Jesus had been conceived. The world had a Savior! The heavenly attendants called it Good News, and it was. Matthew 1:21 What's more, she will bear a Son, and you will call His name Jesus, for it is He who will spare His kin from their transgressions.

Non-Western Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Non-Western Christianity - Essay Example The Middle East is the establishment of Christianity, Judaism and Islam religion. The Old Testament forecasts the happening to Jesus Christ in the book of Isaiah. It additionally presents the Ten Commandments establishment of Judaism and Christianity. In spite of Christianity recognizing the passing and revival of Jesus, it is additionally exceptionally impacted by Judaism. Most Christians living in the Middle East despite everything practice conventional Christianity (Armstrong, 87). There was incredible division among the customary Christians in the period between the seventh to the thirteenth century. This came about to foundation of western/Latin Christian branch (that is the Roman Church) and the Eastern/Greek branch (that is the Orthodox Church). These different sides had a few contrasts and likenesses. In the two places of worship the idea of petitions just as the physical motions continued as before (Bailey, 49). Furthermore, absolution recovery was perceived by the two chapels as a method of making or reinforcing an individual’s confidence. All in all, the Roman and the Orthodox Church utilized comparable strict images, for example, the cross, the bird (to represent Holy Spirit), the vine (to represent the association of Christ and the congregation) among others. In any case, there exist contrasts as far as ceremonial schedule. The ceremonial schedule of Western Church is closely resembling and depends on the Catholic Church cycles which remember all the occasions that happened in the life of Jesus Christ. Then again, the formal schedule of Eastern Church depends on festivities of Christ’s birth, demise, revival and Pentecost (Bailey,

Overview of the Electra Complex in Psychology

Overview of the Electra Complex in Psychology Theories Personality Psychology Print Overview of the Electra Complex in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 12, 2019 Wonwoo Lee / Image Source / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The Electra complex is a psychoanalytic term used to describe a girls sense of competition with her mother for the affections of her father. It is comparable to the male Oedipus complex. According to Freud, during female psychosexual development, a young girl is initially attached to her mother. When she discovers that she does not have a penis, she becomes attached to her father and begins to resent her mother who she blames for her castration. As a result, Freud believed that the girl then begins to identify with and emulate her mother out of fear of losing her love. Resolving the Electra complex ultimately leads to identification with the same-sex parent. The History While the term Electra complex is frequently associated with Sigmund Freud, it was actually Carl Jung who coined the term in 1913. The term itself is derived from the Greek myth of Electra and her brother Orestes, who plotted the death of their mother for revenge of their fathers murder. Freud developed the underlying ideas of the Electra complex, although he did not term it as such. Freud rejected the term and described it as an attempt to emphasize the analogy between the attitude of the two sexes. Freud referred to a daughters tendency to compete with her mother for possession of her father as the feminine Oedipus attitude or the negative Oedipus complex. It was Jung who went on to dub Freuds feminine Oedipus attitude as the Electra complex. Freud and Jung were originally close friends and colleagues, but Jung increasingly grew dissatisfied with certain aspects of Freuds theories. He felt that Freud emphasized the role sexuality played in motivating human behavior. Eventually, Jung resigned from his psychoanalytic affiliations and acrimony grew between the two men. How Does the Electra Complex Work? According to Freudian theory, an important part of the developmental process is learning to identify with the same-sex parent. During the stages of Freuds theory of psychosexual development, the libidinal energy is focused on different erogenous zones of the childs body. If something goes wrong during any of these stages, a fixation at that point in development might occur. A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. Such fixations, Freud believed, often led to anxiety and played a role in neurosis and maladaptive behaviors in adulthood. Freud described the feminine Oedipus attitude complex as a daughters longing for her father and competition with her mother. The daughter possesses an unconscious desire to replace her mother as her fathers sexual partner, thus leading to a rivalry between daughter and mother. The Electra complex is thought to take place during the phallic stage, ages 3 to 6, of psychosexual development, during which time daughters spend more time with their fathers, flirting and practicing sexual behaviors without sexual contact. What Are Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development? A number of defense mechanisms  play a role in resolving the Electra complex. It is the primal id (a component of personality present from birth) that demands the child to possess her father and compete with her mother. To resolve the conflict, these urges and desires must first be repressed from conscious memory. Freud also suggested that when a young girl discovers she does not have a penis, she develops penis envy and begins to resent her mother for sending her into the world so insufficiently equipped. Eventually, this resentment leads the daughter to identify with her mother and incorporate many of the same personality characteristics into her ego. This process also allows the daughter to internalize her mothers morality into her super-ego, which ultimately directs her to follow the rules of her parents and society. Freud believed that it was this process that also leads children to accept their gender roles, develop an  understanding of their own sexuality, and even form a sense of morality. Although Freud admitted that he knew less about the sexual life of little girls than little boys. Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytic Theories of Women A Word From Verywell The Electra Complex is not widely accepted among mental health professionals, who often view Freuds ideas about psychosexual development as outdated and sexists since they rely on century-old gender roles. That said, research does show that children learn about gender roles and sexuality from their parents, so its always wise to set a good example. If youre concerned about your child’s sexualized behavior, a mental health professional can conduct an assessment and make treatment recommendations to address sexual behavior problems.

The Labeling Of Genetically Engineered Crops - 834 Words

Introduction: In an immense variation of ways, farmers grow their crops and keep them healthy and ready for distribution. The need for a greater variety of healthy and resistant crop is consistently rising as populations continue to increase around the world. Yet, agricultural food scientists have manipulated the DNA structure of countless foods. One main concern for consumers is the use of GMOs, genetically engineered crops. However, GMOs are very hard to find when manufacturers claim to not have them in their products and also not completely healthy. To provide information to customers, labeling requirements have been set up in many countries to aid international trade. In this experiment we will test different foods to find traces of GMO including one that claims to not contain GMOs. We hypothesize that the lettuce sample would not contain any GMO genes. Material and Methods: DNA extraction of samples for PCR. Three samples were prepared: Soy bean with GMO, Soy bean without GMO, Lettuce, and Chex ® cereal. The food samples were crushed into a powder and separated. Next, 100  µl of Edwards buffer was added to samples. For another minute, the food was then grounded. Then, 900  µl of Edwards’s buffer was then added to each sample and vortex. The samples were then boiled for 5 minutes and centrifuged for 2 minutes. Next 350  µ of each supernatant was transferred to fresh tubes. 400  µl of isopropanol was then added to the supernatant samples. The solutions were then inversedShow MoreRelatedLabeling Of Genetically Engineered Food1107 Words   |  5 PagesLabeling Genetically Engineered Foods A popular debate in the United States that’s been ongoing since 1990, is the labeling on Genetically Modified or Engineered foods otherwise known as GMO’s. Genetically engineered food is an unnatural process of plant or meat products. These two products have had their DNA artificially altered in a laboratory by genes from other plants, animals, viruses, or bacteria to produce foreign genes in food. Monsanto, an agriculture company, claims the reason behind thisRead MoreArguments Of Proponents And Opponents Of The Safe And Accurate Food Labeling Act1744 Words   |  7 PagesAfter presenting the arguments of proponents and opponents of the Safe and Accurate Food Labeling Act. This paper will now analyze each issue to determine the strengths and weakness of each side’s argument. One argument that proponents make about genetically modified food is that they are no different than natural foods. An argument that opponents make is that genetically modified organisms ha ve not been tested enough because they are fairly new and some scientist truly don’t have an understandingRead MoreMandatory Labeling Of Genetically Modified Foods1726 Words   |  7 PagesMandatory Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods The late nineteenth century brought forth some of the most breakthrough scientific discoveries. One such breakthrough were Genetically Engineered (Modified) Organisms which were initially meant to reduce world hunger by being able to mass produce crops and also allow the produce to have a longer shelf life and be more ripe. However, the increasing methods of germinating crops and new, more compelling evidence from thorough scientific research has ledRead MoreMonsanto, Stop Eat Safe And Stay Healthy991 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone wants to eat safe and stay healthy. Nowadays, genetically engineered food is everywhere in the United States. Thanks to Monsanto, a company that produces and develops genetic modified crops, according to â€Å"Genetically Engineered Crops† by the Center for Food Safety (CFS), â€Å"70 percent of processed foods on supermarket shelves - from soda to soup, crackers to condiments – contain genetically engineered ingredients.† Genetically engineered food has deeply rooted in our lives. On the other handRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Food Supply1642 Words   |  7 Pagescommunities approval and it still continues today. Genetically modified organisms have contaminated the food supply. â€Å"A GMO (genetically modified organism) is the result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and artificially forced in the genes of an unrelated plant or animal† (Seeds of Deception). The results have no health benefits, only financial benefits to the companies that produce them. The genetically modified organisms of animals or plants today hurtRead MoreGenetically Food And Drug Administration Regulates Labeling Of Genetically Modified Food1090 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically engineered has foreign genes inserted into their genetic code. In 1973 the idea of a man made DNA or rDNA came from Stanford University from a grad student. Also Professor Herbert Boyer and some of his biologist friends decided to try it. 75 percent of our processed food that U.S. produce contain some genetically modified ingredients. Some of this are crackers, breakfast cereal, and some cooking oils. Mostly everything that contains soy or corn even high fructose corn syrup have at leastRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods Need to be Labeled Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween consumers who purchase genetically modified foods and the companies that processes these foods through genetic modification. Consumers are demanding that all genetically modified foods are labeled so that they will have information about what ingredients are in these foods. The companies who sell genetically modified foods do not want to label them and are making claims that labeling these foods would raise food prices, hurt farmers, and cause genetically modified foods to gain the reputationRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1236 Words   |  5 PagesLayla Sugawara 4/12/15 9/Fe Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetics has been altered by some form of technology. GMOs were first developed from the idea of selective breeding or artificial selection. Selective breeding or artificial selection is when humans purposely breed two selected organisms to reproduce a offspring with a desired trait. The beginning of genetic engineering is unclear. Before the 1900s, some farmers and naturalistsRead MoreAre Genetically Modified Foods Safe and Nutritious? Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesAre Genetically Modified Foods Safe and Nutritious Genetically modified (GM) foods have taken over the traditional methods of farming by now being planted in over a quarter of the world’s farm land and it is essential that they are labeled for all consumers to see. These genetically modified foods have taken a toll on not only the environment, but human health as well. Those that agree with the genes of crops and other foods being spliced to create a more â€Å"beneficial† product for man state thatRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And Replace Conventional Food Production Techniques And The Safety Of The Foods Produced1290 Words   |  6 PagesThere exists a debate over the use of genetically modified organisms to replace conventional food production techniques and the safety of the foods produced. In 2014, the Pew Research Center conducted a survey of the general public and reported that out of a survey of 2,000 individuals 57% of individuals believed it unsafe to consume genetically modified foods, 25% conside red it safe, and 6% either did not know or did not answer (Funk and Rainie). In sharp contrast to this statistic, when asked the

his112 r3 Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix

University of Phoenix Material Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix Complete the matrix by entering cultural, political, and economic developments that had lasting effects or that are significant of each civilization. The table includes one example. Civilization Cultural Developments Political Developments Economic Developments Mesopotamian Developed the beginnings of astronomy and mathematics Believed in many gods not just one. Emergence of Kings, exercised distinct political rather than religious authority. Also warring Sumerian city-states, which fought for control of the river valleys in the lower Mesopotamia. Commerce and trade had been established because farmers had learned how to irrigate their land. They could grow†¦show more content†¦They were a vigorous and active people who engaged in trade and some piracy over a wide area extending from southern Italy in the west to Troy and the Black Sea in the northeast. What effect did the characteristics and achievements of the Minoan civilization and the Mycenaean civilization have on Archaic Greece? There are so many different achievements and characteristics that happened during these times for instance, they were familiar with the technologies of metal, and they could use bronze and iron to make different tools. There was also the formation of an Aegean Oecumene between the southern Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. There seen the first traces of poleis formations, which was from the Minoan colonies. They also showed the first signs of writing. Ancestors of colossal architecture was also a great achievement, they could build beautiful palaces and temples quite easily. In what ways did Archaic Greece lay the foundations for Western civilization? Archaic Greece is responsible for so many different ways like agriculture, philosophy, mathematics, engineering, politics, art and architecture, and the sciences like Astronomy, Physics, and Medicine. Politics were influenced by the Greeks, democracy and republics were all early forms of Greek city-state politics and in the end applied by Rome, Europe, America and all over the world. With agriculture, certain foods were first made and created in

Toyota’s Ethics and Quality Assurance Free Essays

Introduction Ethics and Quality are cornerstones for sustainability and the economic performance of Toyota and other entities within their supply chain. The two play a major role an in Toyotas strategic plan; they are woven in the very fabric of the culture of the organization; and they are integrated in risk management as a part of the contingency plan. This paper seeks to highlight Toyota’s concepts of ethics and quality; their continuous benchmarks for improvement as well as their use of knowledge management throughout their supply chain. We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota’s Ethics and Quality Assurance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethics in the Supply Chain As part of my analysis of Toyota’s underlying concept of ethics for supply chain management, the following is five essential values implemented by Toyota: 1. Contribute to the development and welfare of the country by working together, regardless of position, in faithfully fulfilling your duties; 2. Be ahead of the times through endless creativity, inquisitiveness, and pursuit of improvement; 3. Be practical and avoid frivolity; 4. Be kind and generous; strive to create a warm, homelike atmosphere; 5. Be reverent, and show gratitude for things great and small in thought and deed. These values are the guiding principles for their production and supply system. They incorporate three core philosophies: customer first, employee satisfaction and company stability. They have also worked in defining boundaries of the supply chain both internally as well as externally. Quality in the Supply Chain Toyota maintains a commitment by putting customers and quality first, and this means ensuring customer satisfaction through the products and services it offers. With respect to quality, Toyota implements â€Å"jikotei kanketsu†, which is a concept that holds true that defect-free process completion ensures that no defective product leaves any production process. Toyota also strives to preserve and improve quality at the world’s highest level and raise cost competitiveness to support high-quality and sustainable growth. They strive to project years into the future and make intentional earnest steps toward making improvements to each and every process. Total ocus and commitment on these ideas has made possible steady well-documented processes, Toyota’s ability to offer the highest quality products and services at the lowest possible cost, and getting it there in the shortest lead time. Knowledge Management Knowledge can be defined as a synergy framed from experience, values, data, evaluation, and expert insight. Knowledge management is a multi-discipline within an organization that makes the best use of knowledge by making it available, sharing it with everyone, and making sure that it is structured in a highly formalized system in an effort to achieve its stated goals and objectives. Toyotas knowledge management strategy focuses on reducing cost risk, leveraging existing assets to reduce cycle time, improve decision making, develop innovative technology faster, develop solutions to problems quicker, and to increase versatility within the workforce. References Bozarth, C. , Handfield, R. (2008). Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management (2nd ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. How to cite Toyota’s Ethics and Quality Assurance, Papers

Teamwork and Motivation Woowooo Inc.

Introduction As technology penetrates all areas of business operations, companies are gradually replacing tens of workers with single unit systems (Ambrose and Kulik, 1999). However, with a reduction in the number of workers, the motivation levels of the remaining employees go down. This in turn affects their level of output and the quality of work done.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Teamwork and Motivation: Woowooo Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For a company to continue making an impact as a business establishment, it needs to come up with a committed motivational plan, which will ensure that production is not negatively affected by a destruction of the organizational culture and employee de-motivation. This essay seeks to develop a motivation plan for Woowooo Inc., a small company that produces widgets. The motivation plan that will be developed is aimed at ascertaining job satisfaction among the employees, reducing turnover, increasing productivity and ensuring that the quality of work done is high. Background Woowoo Inc. is a manufacturing company that manufactures a commodity, widgets. In a bid to keep the operation costs low, the company maintains a lean workforce of only 50, working across the all the four departments-sales, assembly, technology and administration. Assembly, being at the core of production has the biggest chunk of workers, 35, while the other departments have three workers each. Because of the increasing demand, the workers in the production department have been forced to work longer hours, with their workload having gone up significantly. This is the primary reason as to why the number of defective products exiting the production chain is going up. Motivational plan In order to ensure that the initial high quality of production is reclaimed, a number of things need to be done. First, as the proprietor of the company, it is imperative that I accept that the amount of work being done has gone up significantly and that the current number of employees cannot sustain the desired production levels (Outram and Gilbert, 2003). Therefore, the main first step of action will be to recruit more workers, particularly in the production department. With the entry of new workers, the next part of the motivation plan is to create a working schedule that will see the workers give the best output throughout the production and marketing process. Currently, the employees work up to 12 hours per day in order to sustain the increased demand for our product.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, most of them work at their optimum levels of concentration for the first six hours and then slow off for the remaining time. Getting new workers on board will see the number of hours individuals work per day go down, while increasing the quality and quantity of produced widgets. Another key change that needs to be instituted in the company is the socialization space. As things are currently, employees across the departments rarely meet to socialize. To counter this, monthly parties will be introduced, but they will be dependent on performance. This being an idea that will require some considerable expenditure will start of slow, with the employees sharing pizza and soft drinks. Later, with more targets being met, the entertainment can be ramped up. These parties will enable the employees know each other at a personal level, something that will help them work more effectively, because they will regard each other as friends, rather than co-working strangers. It is worth noting that this motivation plan does not involve increasing the salaries of existing employees. This stems from the premise that money is not always the primary motivating factor in the success of a company. Employees need to feel more comfortable an d appreciated in order to give their optimum levels of performance. Motivating employees On way of motivating all employees in a company is through offering payments that are in tandem with the qualifications of the employees and the amount of work done. Employees will offer more when they do not have to worry of how they are going to make ends meet. Workers who can clearly tell that what they are paid is not commensurate to their input eventually lose motivation and start putting in the least effort they need to get paid (Mudrack, 1992). Members of staff also need to feel powerful in order to give their best output. This can be achieved by allowing them to make some decisions regarding their line of work and inviting their suggestions when making critical decisions affecting the administration of the company.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Teamwork and Motivation: Woowooo Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Lear n More For instance, in Woowoo Inc., individuals from the sales department can be allowed to make independent contact with potential clients, as opposed to having their head tasked with the unilateral role initiate deals. Of the two methods of employee motivation, offering better payments is bound to achieve more results than giving the employees power. This is because a bigger section of the working population takes up jobs in order to earn livelihoods compared to those who work for personal gratification. It is only after individuals are convinced that they can pay rent and meet their other needs that they can start focusing on the other rewards they can get from the job. Motivating minimum-wage service workers One of the key methods for increasing the motivation of minimum-wage employees is to ensure that the communication channels between them and senior members of staff are kept open (Luthans and Stajkovic, 1999). Employees value being aware of the things happening in the com pany and letting them in on changes makes them feel appreciated, further increasing their output. This is in line with McClleland’s Human Motivation Theory, which holds affiliation as one of the three motivators that everybody has (Robbins, 2001). Minimum-wage workers who feel that they have a positive relationship with their bosses, through positive communication, tend to give their best in any takes that they take on. Recognizing the contribution of employees to the attainment of a company’s objectives is another method that can be effectively used to motivate minimum-wage service workers. A simple certificate can substantially increase a worker’s commitment to the fulfillment of his duties. McClleland’s theory lists achievement as a motivator and by making workers feel like they have attained a major goal makes them desire to do more. Another way of motivating minimum-wage service workers is through allowing them some freedom in scheduling. Letting the minimum-wage workers design their work schedule will let them set working hours that they are most comfortable with, further making them more productive in their respective departments.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relevance of the individual worker in today’s organizational context Organizations run on the principle of meeting particular objectives. These objectives, when attained, are received to be the function of a collective effort (Robbins, 2001). However, when looked from a critical perspective, each individual in the company contributes to the successful achievement of the laid-down goals. For instance in order for the company Woowoo Inc. to produce enough widgets to meet the market demand, each of its four departments have to ensure that they fulfill their roles well. The administration department has to ensure that all the materials and requirements necessary for production are availed on time and are in the right quantities. The technology department then ensures that the systems work well before the assembly group starts their work. The sales team then picks up and gets the product in the market for consumers to buy. In this process, the different departments involved in the production and distribution of the product are regarded as singular entities, each comprising a number of workers. Going lower in the chain, we find the individual worker. In Woowoo Inc. the assembly department has a total of 35 workers. Each of these workers has his/her role in the process and when at work, if one of them does not play his role well, then the output is affected. This may present in the form of a defective product, or a reduction in the rate at which the widgets are produced. In this regard, the individual worker is the main engine of any institution, even though the contribution of peers, seniors and juniors is required to make the company run. INDIVIDUAL WORKER TEAM MEMBER Talks Me oriented Department focused Competitive Logical Written messages Image Secrecy Short-term sighted Immediate results Critical Tenure Listens Team oriented Organization focused Supportive Practical Written messages Purpose Transparency Long-term sighted Future results Corrective Des ire References Ambrose, M. L. Kulik, C. T. (1999). Old Friends, New Faces: Motivation Research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(3), 231-292. Luthans, F. Stajkovic, A. D. (1999). Reinforce for performance: The need to go beyond pay and even rewards. Academy of Management Executive, 13(2), 79-57. Mudrack, P.E. (1992). Work or leisure? The protestant work ethic and participation in an employee fitness program. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 81-88. Outram, J. Gilbert, T. (2003). Six key practices to link rewards to long-term financial success. Workspan, 46(1), 32-36. Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson Custom Publishing. This research paper on Teamwork and Motivation: Woowooo Inc. was written and submitted by user Logan Chan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Short History of the Rwandan Genocide

A Short History of the Rwandan Genocide On April 6, 1994, Hutus began slaughtering the Tutsis in the African country of Rwanda. As the brutal killings continued, the world stood idly by and just watched the slaughter. Lasting 100 days, the Rwandan Genocide left approximately 800,000 Tutsis and Hutu sympathizers dead. Who Are the Hutu and Tutsi? The Hutu and Tutsi are two peoples who share a common past. When Rwanda was first settled, the people who lived there raised cattle. Soon, the people who owned the most cattle were called Tutsi, and everyone else was called Hutu. At this time, a person could easily change categories through marriage or cattle acquisition. It wasnt until Europeans came to colonize the area that the terms Tutsi and Hutu took on a racial role. The Germans were the first to colonize Rwanda in 1894. They looked at the Rwandan people and thought the Tutsi had more European characteristics, such as lighter skin and a taller build. Thus they put Tutsis in roles of responsibility. When the Germans lost their colonies following World War I, the Belgians took control of Rwanda. In 1933, the Belgians solidified the categories of Tutsi and Hutu by mandating that every person was to have an identity card that labeled them either Tutsi, Hutu, or Twa. (The Twa are a very small group of hunter-gatherers who also live in Rwanda.) Although the Tutsi constituted only about ten percent of Rwandas population and the Hutu nearly 90 percent, the Belgians gave the Tutsi all the leadership positions. This upset the Hutu. When Rwanda struggled for independence from Belgium, the Belgians switched the status of the two groups. Facing a revolution instigated by the Hutu, the Belgians let the Hutus, who constituted the majority of Rwandas population, be in charge of the new government. This upset the Tutsi, and the animosity between the two groups continued for decades. The Event That Sparked the Genocide At 8:30 p.m. on April 6, 1994, President Juvà ©nal Habyarimana of Rwanda was returning from a summit in Tanzania when a surface-to-air missile shot his plane out of the sky over Rwandas capital city of Kigali. All on board were killed in the crash. Since 1973, President Habyarimana, a Hutu, had run a totalitarian regime in Rwanda, which had excluded all Tutsis from participating. That changed on August 3, 1993, when Habyarimana signed the Arusha Accords, which weakened the Hutu hold on Rwanda and allowed Tutsis to participate in the government, which greatly upset Hutu extremists. Although it has never been determined who was truly responsible for the assassination, Hutu extremists profited the most from Habyarimanas death. Within 24 hours after the crash, Hutu extremists had taken over the government, blamed the Tutsis for the assassination, and begun the slaughter. 100 Days of Slaughter The killings began in Rwandas capital city of Kigali. The Interahamwe (those who strike as one), an anti-Tutsi youth organization established by Hutu extremists, set up roadblocks. They checked identification cards and killed all who were Tutsi. Most of the killing was done with machetes, clubs, or knives. Over the next few days and weeks, roadblocks were set up around Rwanda. On April 7, Hutu extremists began purging the government of their political opponents, which meant both Tutsis and Hutu moderates were killed. This included the prime minister. When ten Belgian U.N. peacekeepers tried to protect the prime minister, they too were killed. This caused Belgium to start withdrawing its troops from Rwanda. Over the next several days and weeks, the violence spread. Since the government had the names and addresses of nearly all Tutsis living in Rwanda (remember, each Rwandan had an identity card that labeled them Tutsi, Hutu, or Twa), the killers could go door to door, slaughtering the Tutsis. Men, women, and children were murdered. Since bullets were expensive, most Tutsis were killed by hand weapons, often machetes or clubs. Many were often tortured before being killed. Some of the victims were given the option of paying for a bullet so that theyd have a quicker death. Also during the violence, thousands of Tutsi women were raped. Some were raped and then killed, others were kept as sex slaves for weeks. Some Tutsi women and girls were also tortured before being killed, such as having their breasts cut off or had sharp objects shoved up their vagina. Slaughter Inside Churches, Hospitals, and Schools Thousands of Tutsis tried to escape the slaughter by hiding in churches, hospitals, schools, and government offices. These places, which historically have been places of refuge, were turned into places of mass murder during the Rwandan Genocide. One of the worst massacres of the Rwandan Genocide took place on April 15 to 16, 1994 at the Nyarubuye Roman Catholic Church, located about 60 miles east of Kigali. Here, the mayor of the town, a Hutu, encouraged Tutsis to seek sanctuary inside the church by assuring them they would be safe there. Then the mayor betrayed them to the Hutu extremists. The killing began with grenades and guns but soon changed to machetes and clubs. Killing by hand was tiresome, so the killers took shifts. It took two days to kill the thousands of Tutsi who were inside. Similar massacres took place around Rwanda, with many of the worst ones occurring between April 11 and the beginning of May. Mistreatment of the Corpses To further degrade the Tutsi, Hutu extremists would not allow the Tutsi dead to be buried. Their bodies were left where they were slaughtered, exposed to the elements, eaten by rats and dogs. Many Tutsi bodies were thrown into rivers, lakes, and streams in order to send the Tutsis back to Ethiopia- a reference to the myth that the Tutsi were foreigners and originally came from Ethiopia. Media Played a Huge Role in the Genocide For years, the Kangura newspaper, controlled by Hutu extremists, had been spouting hate. As early as December 1990, the paper published The Ten Commandments for the Hutu. The commandments declared that any Hutu who married a Tutsi was a traitor. Also, any Hutu who did business with a Tutsi was a traitor. The commandments also insisted that all strategic positions and the entire military must be Hutu. To isolate the Tutsis even further, the commandments also told the Hutu to stand by other Hutu and to stop pitying the Tutsi. When RTLM (Radio Tà ©là ©vison des Milles Collines) began broadcasting on July 8, 1993, it also spread hate. However, this time it was packaged to appeal to the masses by offering popular music and broadcasts conducted in a very informal, conversational tone. Once the killings started, RTLM went beyond just espousing hate; they took an active role in the slaughter. The RTLM called for the Tutsi to cut down the tall trees, a code phrase which meant for the Hutu to start killing the Tutsi. During broadcasts, RTLM often used the term inyenzi (cockroach) when referring to Tutsis and then told Hutu to crush the cockroaches. Many RTLM broadcasts announced names of specific individuals who should be killed; RTLM even included information about where to find them, such as home and work addresses or known hangouts. Once these individuals had been killed, RTLM then announced their murders over the radio. The RTLM was used to incite the average Hutu to kill. However, if a Hutu refused to participate in the slaughter, then members of the Interahamwe would give them a choice- either kill or be killed. The World Stood By and Just Watched Following World War II and the Holocaust, the United Nations adopted a resolution on December 9, 1948, which stated that The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish. The massacres in Rwanda constituted genocide, so why didnt the world step in to stop it? There has been a lot of research on this exact question. Some people have said that since Hutu moderates were killed in the early stages, then some countries believed the conflict to be more of a civil war rather than a genocide. Other research has shown that the world powers realized it was a genocide but that they didnt want to pay for the needed supplies and personnel to stop it. No matter what the reason, the world should have stepped in and stopped the slaughter. The Rwanda Genocide Ends The Rwanda Genocide ended only when the RPF took over the country. The RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) was a trained military group consisting of Tutsis who had been exiled in earlier years, many of whom lived in Uganda. The RPF was able to enter Rwanda and slowly take over the country. In mid-July 1994, when the RPF had full control, the genocide was finally stopped. Sources Semujanga, Josias. The Ten Commandments of the Hutu. Origins of the Rwandan Genocide, Humanity Books, 2003, pp. 196-197.

10 Highest Paying Jobs for College Graduates

10 Highest Paying Jobs for College Graduates A a college degree is not a guarantee for the big bucks the way it used to be. and law school and medical school are always a good idea for making good money over the course of a career, but they can be prohibitively expensive- and take far too long. Here are 10  of the highest paying jobs  for college graduates  that don’t require any additional schooling.1. Investment banker – $100kIt’s not the most altruistic career, but starting salaries are often over $100k on average, and if you’ve got a degree in economics, business, or math, this could be a great way to set yourself up nicely right out of the gate.2. Software developer – $80kIf you’ve got a degree in computer science, math, or engineering, and you’d like to make over $80k in your first year, plus you’re interested in getting in a field with a 30% growth rate, this career may be for you.3. Actuary – $79kActuaries work for insurance companies, assessing risk a nd helping to determine rates. You’ll need a strong math background, plus you’ll have to pass a few professional exams, but the money is good- an average of $79k per year.4. Engineer – $72kYou’ll need a BS in engineering, and to pass two different state licensure exams, but if you’re the problem-solving type and you’d like to make an average of $72k your first year, you might want to go to work- literally- fixing the world.5. Network systems admin – $70kWith an average first-year salary of just under $70k per year, network systems administrators need a degree in computer science (sometimes even an associate’s degree plus experience!). It’s got good growth potential (23%) and if you love computers and helping people, this could be a great fit.6.  Internet marketer – $70kWith more companies turning to the internet and social media for marketing, this is a good ground-floor career to get in on. Best pursued with a bachelor’s degree in marketing, you’ll likely make just under $70k in your first year.7. Financial analyst – $66kIf you have a degree in business, finance, economics, accounting, or statistics, and you feel you can give sound advice to business about expanding their growth, then you could make an average of $66k in your first year.8. Pharmaceutical rep – $60kYou’ll need a degree in chemistry, pharmaceutical science, or marketing, plus some training, but the pay is almost $60k in the first year, and you’ll be interacting with people for a good chunk of your workweek.9. Web designer – $58kIf you have a degree in computer science, graphic design, and/or some programming knowledge (i.e. HTML, CSS, java, flash, PHP, or MySQL), and you’d perhaps like to set your own schedule and workplace location, then you could be making around $58k in your first year designing and building websites.10. RN – $45kRegistered nurses make over $ 45k in their first year. You’ll need a degree in nursing, plus you’ll have to pass a national licensure exam, but there’s good growth (22%), and you’ll be helping people for a living!

Shakespeare's Prince Hamlet as medical professional (Nurse) Essay

Shakespeare's Prince Hamlet as medical professional (Nurse) - Essay Example To illustrate this point, several attributes of a good nurse will be discussed and then applied to a well-known fictional character, Shakespeare’s Prince Hamlet, to conjecture whether this character would have made an effective nurse. Nurses are often the first and most frequent care-giver of a person in need of medical services. Because everyone living will need medical services at some point or another, nurses must be dedicated to providing them while respecting the rights of all people to be treated with dignity and respect. â€Å"Nurses must respect the rights of all people regardless of age, race, social status, sexual orientation and religious beliefs. Nurses demonstrate unbiased compassion for all† (â€Å"Is Nursing Right†, 2000). In this respect, Hamlet would not make an effective nurse as there are several instances within the play where he is not able to display unbiased opinions or respect for others. He demonstrates outright disdain for Polonius, openly accusing him of being false, shows disgust for his uncle and chastises his mother for her actions. His anger at his mother carries over into his treatment of Ophelia as well, causing him to accuse her of thoughts and intentions sheâ€℠¢d never dreamed of. This is deemed a very important characteristic for a nurse to have as there is no avoiding the need to treat all individuals requiring medical assistance and Hamlet’s inability to overcome his rage, however justified, would be a difficult trait to overcome. Another characteristic of a good nurse is a willingness to learn. More than simply being willing to put in the extra training and hard work necessary to pass mandatory nursing certification tests, â€Å"Nurses are motivated to keep up with trends and research in the profession and to value life-long learning† (â€Å"Is Nursing Right†, 2000). This is a trait that Hamlet possesses. He is back in Denmark after having been away to study, called to return to his

World literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

World literature - Essay Example From the epic of Gilgamesh, after the loss of a close friend Enkidu, Gilgamesh learns how to apply wisdom in solving problems at different times and challenges. In addition, he also learns about death as he had a perception of overcoming death. Thus, he fears for his life and seeks to find solution that can overcome death (Bakker, 2013). In his journey, he displays wisdom when dealing with man scorpions. This shows the societal value for wisdom as a virtue in solving diverse predicaments and dilemmas (Bakker, 2013). The epic thus, illustrates human fear of death that compels Gilgamesh to set for a journey seeking immortality. Women are also significant in the transformation of an individual’s characters and roles in the society (Bakker, 2013). From the epic of Gilgamesh, Shamhat played significant roles of transforming Enkidu to human kind (Bakker, 2013). In addition, she also facilitated his friendship with Gilgamesh. This illustrates the role of women in the establishment of peaceful coexistence in the society. Conversely, Odysseus, the hero from the epic Odysseus  expresses outstanding attributes in dealing with his challenges. Some of the outstanding qualities that help Odysseus survive his journey include the following, wisdom, patience, courage, leadership abilities and perseverance (Bakker, 2013). Despites the physical hardship that he faced, he was still determined about reaching home to see his family safely (Bakker, 2013). In addition, his patience and wisdom are importance as it enabled him saved his men from the dangers of Cyclopes’ Island ensuring their safety. This epic illustrates the need of using one’s naturally gifted abilities not just for an individual gain, but for the benefit of others as

Women in Harry Crewss A Feast of Snakes Essay -- Literary Analysis

It is known by many that, in regards to literature coming out of the South, female characters traditionally do not receive as much attention or detail as their male counterparts. Harry Crews does not, as one might say, â€Å"stray far from the path† of male dominated prose. However, this is not to say that there are only few women present in his writing, in fact quite the contrary. Women are not only present in Crews’s work, they are vividly entwined with the experiences and fiery outcomes of his male protagonist’s journeys; and A Feast of Snakes is no different. In â€Å"Having a Hard Time of it: Women in the Novels of Harry Crews,† an essay written by Elise S. Lake, Lake examines that even though some may interpret Crews as using women strictly in disrespectful or obscene ways for the advancement of his male characters, that â€Å"sheer variety disputes the notion that Crews stereotypes women narrowly† (84). We see a multitude of angles and p ersonalities in A Feast of Snakes alone, including: Lottie Mae and Beeder acting as an empathy release valve; the abused wife, Elfie; the ultimate cheerleader/ catalyst, Berenice; and finally the vicious sexual icons Hard Candy and Susan Gender. Probably the two utmost, one dimensional characters in A Feast of Snakes are Hard Candy Sweet and Susan Gender. These two are present in the story solely to be viewed as sexual icons. In the essay â€Å"Crews’s Women,† by Patricia V. Beatty, Beatty examines that â€Å"they are empty and vacuous, like Barbie dolls run wild. The men in A Feast of Snakes do not really perceive them as threats, but only as convenient sexual objects† (119). Their ways of making love are aggressive and, in Hard Candy’s case, is compared to the roughness of playing football. Even within ... ...nd abused wife, Elfie, but in the adjacent corner we find empathy in Lottie Mae and Beeder making sure the story does not become too one sided. At the same time we see Hard Candy and Susan Gender keeping the Southern plot moving with sex and a little violence. Elise S. Lake explains in â€Å"Having a Hard Time of it: Women in the Novels of Harry Crews† that â€Å"for most of Crews’s characters, hopes are unrealized, goals are unattained. Success is illusory, and self-determination is elusive for both men and women† (93). Being a Southern writer himself, Crews’s work is inevitably going to have some questionable views regarding the opposite gender, race, and class. This is what Southern Masculinity is. And to be able to plunge head first into a not-so-obvious aspect of this kind of writing and somehow come out smelling like roses; it is no easy task to say the least.

12 Angry Men Essay

In 12 angry men there are many themes that are present one of the major themes that is found was present is, one determined and skilled individual can wield a lot of influence. Juror number eight is a â€Å"quiet, thoughtful, gentle man† he seesall points of the argument and wants to find the truth. On the other hand juror number three is â€Å"a very strong, very forceful, extremely opinionated man† his opinion is all that matters and if other people don’t agree with it they are automatically wrong. All of the characters in this story help develop the theme but in my opinion jurors number three and eight play a very large role in it. Juror three is a very outward with his opinion from the beginning. He lets everyone know what he thinks and that no one will be able to change his mind. In his mind his opinion is the most important thing and no one can say anything against it. When others try to look at all the facts and have a discussion he finds that it is pointl ess and a waste of his time because he will not change his vote from guilty and that means everyone else must be the ones to agree with him. See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay This juror is a man who is very â€Å"easily excitable† as the say in the book many times. He will snap at any moment when someone else is trying to share their opinion just because they say something that doesn’t support what he thinks. His anger plays a large part in developing him as a character. There are many jurors that don’t want to deal with him and are scared to speak up to say what they think because there is no telling the next time number three will start to yell at them. The other characters see him as an angry man who is too stubborn to listen to what anyone else has to say. In this book juror three often explodes into extremely loud yelling while everyone else is trying to keep calm and decide on a fair verdict on the case. At one point during the story juror number eight is trying to calmly explain the facts and evidence that proves juror threes opinion wrong and instead of calmly listening like everyone else he tries to attack juror eight; having to be held back by three of the oher men. This shows a lot about his character as a man. He is a loud man set in his ways that has lived with one opinion on the situation nd isnt willing to change it. The boy who is being charged with allegedly killing his father is black and that causes a lot of mixed opinions within the jury room. Juror three doesn’t seem to like anyone who is black or from a certain area of town which is not the best. There is a larhe amount of prejudice in this book not only from juror three,  and it seems to alter a lot of the thoughts of some of the jurors. The way that he tries to influence people to be on his side is not very effective at all, no one wants to listen to him because all he does is yell and scream at them without backing up what hes saying with any facts. Juror number eight also has a set opinion from the beginning of the story but he has a completely different way of approaching things. He is very quiet and keeps his thoughts to himself at the beginning. When it gets to talking about facts and evidence he has a lot to say but doesn’t try and force the other jurors to agree with him. He only wants to fully discuss all of the information that has been presented to try and determine what the fair verdict should be. At first I don’t think he was even 100% sure that he wanted to vote not guilty he did it mostly because a boys life is at atake and he couldn’t let that go without talking about it. Juror eight is a calm man who is very nice and tries his best to state what he thinks is right but not do it in a forceful way. He isnt saying that there is only his opinion on the case but he also doesn’t say that what anyone else thinks is wrong. This man wanted only to try and come to find the truth instead of just saying that the boy is guilty without full examining everything. Juror eight took the time to look at the facts and put personal opinions aside which is the compete opposite of what juror number three did. The way that he stayed very calm even when everyone else was yelling at each other is one thing that I think really helped influence othe r jurors to change their vote. Even after jjuror wight said only a few things they tooka asecond vote and he already had convinced someone to agree with his view on the case. The way he could calmly debate what everyone else was gettinginto large arguments about without changing from the very calm and not outspoken person that he is was a large factor in amking other people change their vote. He brought up very valid points that no one else would have thought twice about without him. By keeping his personal feelings on the boys race etc he was able to come up with a better end result than that of everyone else. He is a very influencial man who was really only looking for the truth in a case that is made up of a lot of lies and exxagerations. Juror eight and juror three might seem like complete opposites who could never be thought of as having some things alike. This though is not completely true. Yes, they have very different personalities and ways of going about explaining their  opinions but there is some similarity. They both have aclear stance on whether or not they think the boy is guilty. Also they both want to convince the rest of the jury that their opinion is right. Even through all the arguments and yelling that was done they do have a couple of things that are similar between them. The way that everyone in this book especially juror eight debated his point shows how someone who is determined and who knows what they are saying can convince many to believe their side. Juror eight in the end got everyone to vote not guilty because of the way he went about explaining his point. He didn’t yell and just say that his opinion was right just because he thought so, there was evidence to back it up that no one else would have seen if it weren’t for him. 12 Angry Men Essay 12 Angry Men (1957) is a gripping and an engrossing examination of 12 jurors who are deciding the fate of a young Puerto Rican boy in a murder trial. It is phenomenal that a movie with a running time of just 96 minutes and shot in just one room could be so impactful and so intellectually stimulating that it could be a source of immense learning for generations to come in the field of psychology, social psychology, Organizational Behavior anddecision making. In this paper, we will be exploring 3 wide dimensions/theories in the field of OB and their application in the movie by citing specific examples from the film. We will start off by exploring the phenomenon of Perception and Individual Decision Making where we would be exploring the decision making process at an individual level, explaining the underlying theories and biases involved in individual decision making and try to map those to specific instances in the film. This will be followed by a discussion on the phenomenon of Group Behavior with particular emphasis on group formation, group decision making and Groupthink. Finally, we will explore how Personality influences the decision making environment. Perception and Individual Decision Making One of the theories that were seen at play was Attribution Theory. Attribution theory is a phenomenon that is characterized by individuals observing behavior followed by an attempt to gauge whether the event was externally or internally caused where internal causes under the person’s control while external causes are not. For example, the architect made more external attributions to the boy’s behavior, citing that the boy had been slapped around all his life and was of the view that external attributions could not provoke something as grave as murder. On the contrary, the angry juror who ran the messenger service and was a distraught father made internal attributions about the boy’s behavior, reflecting that kids these days don’t respect their adults and have lost their sense of morality. Furthermore, the old loud mouthed bigot stubbornly advocated a guilty verdict just because the young boy was from a slum and hence his reasoning that all slum kids are inherently rotten; a classic case of stereotyping whereby judgments are made about the person just because he belongs to a particular group. One of the most startling observations in the film was the manifestation of fundamental attribution error. Fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others. In simple words, we blame people first, not the situation. For example, the distraught father cited the boy’s shout â€Å"I’m gonna kill ya† as an indication of the boy’s murderous rage. However, when he was enticed by the architect later in a discussion after being called a sadist, he too shouts, â€Å"I’m gonna kill ya† but he does not really mean it. It was just the situation that elicited such a response. Similarly, the stock broker assumed that the boy’s inability to recall the movies he went to meant that he was lying and not that he may have not been able to recall it due to the situation, trauma and mental stress. The realization came, when he himself was not able to recall the movies he went to just a few days back even when he was not under any stress. A confirmation bias in decision making is referred to as selecting and using only facts that support our expectation and ignoring disconcerting facts. Since all but one of the jurors had an expectation of a guiltyverdict, they all confirmed their biases by continuously reiterating those same twisted facts that confirmed their expectations and nobody but one stopped to question. As a result of this bias, they genuinely overlooked certain pieces of information that would have caused confusion and chaos in their minds. For example, they did not realize that the old man was walking with a limp and thus he could not have reached the door in a mere 15 seconds. Secondly, they failed to see the marks on the old woman’s eyes who testified to have seen the killing. Thirdly, that the knife that was used for the killing was not all that unusual and finally, that it would have been impossible for anybody to hear, â€Å"I’m gonna kill ya† at the same time as a noisy L train was passing by. Group Behavior It is interesting to note that the five stages of Group Development Model can be quite clearly captured in this film. In the first stage that is of forming members feel much uncertainty. This uncertainty was evident up until the first vote when all the jurors were trying to get to know each other and trying to ascertain how the others felt about the case. For example, the angry man who ran a messenger service had first interacted with the timid bank clerk and had expressed his frustration over how the lawyers would keep on talking and talking on an â€Å"open and sure case like this†. There was an air of uncertainty even when Mr.  Foreman was ascertaining a seating arrangement and the loud mouthed bigot questioned as to what difference it made. In the second stage that is storming, there are lots of conflicts between group members. This was seen from the first vote which resulted in an 11:1 in favor of guilty to a 10:2 vote after which the other members started to shrug of the environment of forced conformity and genuinely were interested in discussing further. During the storming stage, many conflicts arose such as the argument between the loud mouthed garage owner and the guy from the slum and then Mr.  Foreman getting upset how irreverent the garage owner was in his effort to try and keep things organized. In the norming stage, members have developed close relationships and cohesiveness. This was seen from the 10:2 vote to a 6:6 vote when members chose to identify themselves closely with the members who were supporting their decision. It started when the architect gambled for support by calling for a vote through secret ballot. In the performing stage, the group becomes fully functional. This was seen from a 6:6 vote all the way till a unanimous â€Å"not guilty† verdict. This period was characterized by clear argumentation from both sides, save a few instances such as the unreasonable change of vote by the baseball fan and the ridiculous shouting by the garage owner. The architect was making clear and consistent arguments and casting a clear doubt in the testimonies of each of the witnesses and being supported by others who favored a â€Å"not guilty† verdict such as the old man who very astutely identified the marks on the woman’s nose who testified to have seen the actual killing. One of the most important aspects of group behavior that is depicted in this film is the idea of Groupthink and Groupshift. Groupthink is depicted in situations where group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority and unpopular views. When the initial vote was taken public, several jurors, who later expressed the uncertainty over a guilty verdict, chose to comply with the group in an effort to confirm to the majority and the architect was the lone man standing. For example, it seemed as if the guy from the slum was unsure and he did not say much but just went with the majority at the beginning. Furthermore, the old man also initially confirmed with the group but switched when the vote was private and finally the baseball fan very blatantly went along with the majority or the dominating group which was seen when he changed his vote to â€Å"not guilty† just to break the deadlock and because the â€Å"not guilty† group was gradually getting stronger. Groupshiftoccurs when discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution, group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions that they hold. This causes a shift to a more conservative or a more risky behavior. This was seen when the angry, distraught father brought in his prejudices about teenagers in general which was followed by seemingly vindicating facts highlighted by the astute stock broker further pushed the group towards a risky â€Å"guilty† verdict. Even the architect came under pressure and agreed to comply if everyone voted â€Å"guilty† by a secret ballot. Personality The personality of the architect is particularly of interest. One of the attributes that he demonstrated was consistency which encompasses loyalty to a particular idea. Throughout the film, he always remained consistent in his opposition to the majority which essentially made other question their judgment. For example, the old man changed his vote simply because he felt that if someone is defending his vote with such conviction, then he may have some important points to make. He also scored high on agreeableness because he was good-natured, cooperative and trusting and did not appear rigid. For example, he pointed that he didn’t necessarily think that the majority was wrong. He just wanted to talk more about it which showed that he was consistent, yet open minded. He also scored high in emotional stability because he was calm, self-confident and secure under stress. It is difficult to remain calm and cool under a stress offered by personalities like the astute stock broker, the loud mouthed garage owner and the angry man who ran a messenger service. His counterpart and the antagonist scored relatively low on emotional stability simply because he lost his temper on a lot of occasions which swayed the group against him. For example, in his emotionally unstable state, he wrongly accused the guy from the slum for hanging after a â€Å"golden voice starts preaching†. Moreover, he started to bring his own downfall when he said things in an emotional burst such as when he himself concedes that the witness was an old man and couldn’t have been positive about anything. And then when he was enticed by the architect himself, he shouted, â€Å"I’m gonna kill ya† and hence disproved his own arguments about how this very statement could actually lead to murder. The architect also scored high on conscientiousness because he was responsible, dependent, persistent and organized. He would look at each testimony and very make a conscious effort to investigate the little details for any evidence of inconsistency that would lead others to have a reasonable doubt in their minds. For example, he ordered the blueprint of the old man’s house and emulated his limping walk to the door the exact distance so see if the old man could really reach the front door in 15 seconds. The application of the following three areas of organizational behavior helps us to give an academic bent to the film and helps us appreciate the true genius behind a 1957 drama film. 12 Angry Men Essay In the movie, 12 Angry Men, an 18 year old boy from a slum is charged with murder. He is put on trial for being accused of stabbing his father in the chest with a knife. Some of the first ten amendments of the Bill of Rights are shown in this movie such as the fifth and sixth amendments. According to the Fifth Amendment when there is a jury trial all 12 jurors must make a unanimous vote on whether or not the defendant is innocent or guilty. 12 Angry men shows how one man votes the 18 year old boy is innocent while all the others are hung up on believing he is guilty. The one innocent voting man then does his best and gradually over a few hours begins convincing more and more of the 12 men that he is innocent. Also in the Fifth Amendment it states that people have the right to be a witness or to not be a witness against themselves. In the movie a lady and an old man are on stand as witnesses to try and prove the defendant is guilty. The lady who lives across the street claims to have seen through the window and a passing train in the middle of the night that the boy stabbed his father. The old man claims to have heard the boy yell â€Å"I’m going to kill you†. Both witnesses’ stories have some faults to them. For instance, the lady wears glasses and in order for her to see the whole incident she would have had to wear her glasses to bed the night it happened. The old man lives by the lady and it would be hard to hear the boy shout â€Å"I’m going to kill you† over the roar of a passing train. The Sixth amendment allows a speedy and public trial to take place. A speedy trial doesn’t mean that it the trial only takes an hour until it’s solved. Time depends on how long due process takes or how many people are ahead waiting for trial. Also a speedy trial says the defendant is innocent until proven guilty. The 18 year old boy is said to be innocent for the accusations of murdering his father. Impartial jury plays an important role while on trial. The term impartial jury means that the people that make up the jury have no prior knowledge of the defendant’s guilt or innocence. This allows the defendant to get a fair trial. The men on the jury do not know the boy personally. In the movie one man claims that he was also from a slum so he can understand a little more about the boy’s life. This could help the juror to think more about the guilt or innocence. Also a juror has seen a knife fight before and knows that most people do not stab downwards into the chest area if they are shorter than the person being stabbed. This also breaks down the facts to help determine if the defendant in the movie is innocent or guilty. Without the first ten amendments of the Bill Of Rights there would be chaos. 12 Angry men demonstrate how the Fifth and Sixth Amendments help a lot when it comes to trial. If there were none of these important Amendments people would get accused and have an unfair trial leaving a bad result for the person and others around them. 12 angry men Essay 12 Angry Men Submitted by: Pam McDonald E-mail: Pam_McDonald@nifc.blm.gov Phone: 208-387-5318 Audience Rating: Not Rated Released: 1957 Studio: United Artists/MGM Genre: Drama Runtime: 95 minutes Materials: VCR or DVD, television or projection system, Wildland Fire Leadership Values and Principles handouts (single-sided), notepad, writing utensil Objective: Students will identify Wildland Fire Leadership Values and Principles illustrated within 12 Angry Men and discuss leadership lessons learned with group members or mentors. Basic Plot: The jury of twelve ‘angry men,’ entrusted with the power to send an uneducated, teenaged Puerto Rican, tenement-dwelling boy to the electric chair for killing his father with a switchblade knife, are literally locked into a small, claustrophobic rectangular room on a stifling hot summer day until they come up with a unanimous decision – either guilty or not guilty. The compelling, provocative film examines the twelve men’s deep-seated personal prejudices, perceptual biases and weaknesses, indifference, anger, personalities, unreliable judgments, cultural differences, ignorance and fears, that threaten to taint their decision-making abilities, cause them to ignore the real issues in the case, and potentially lead them to a miscarriage of justice. (http://www.filmsite.org/twelve.html) Cast of Main Characters: Martin BalsamJuror 1 (Foreman; coach) John FiedlerJuror 2 (Bank clerk; inexperienced juror) Lee J. CobbJuror 3 (Angry gentleman with photo of son) E. G. MarshallJuror 4 (Stock Broker) Jack KlugmanJuror 5 (Grew up in the slums) Edward BinnsJuror 6 (Painter) Jack WardenJuror 7 (Sports fan) Henry FondaJuror 8 (Architect; Man who doesn’t know) Joseph SweeneyJuror 9 (Nice older gentleman) Ed BegleyJuror 10 (Prejudiced older gentleman with cold) George VoskovecJuror 11 (Foreign watchmaker) Robert WebberJuror 12 (Advertising Executive; doodler) Facilitation Options: 12 Angry Men illustrates an abundance of leadership values and principles—especially an emphasis on teamwork, the decision making process, and Socratic leadership. Students should have few problems identifying those that correspond to the Wildland Fire Leadership Values and Principles. The objective is not to identify every leadership principle but to promote thought and discussion. Students should be less concerned with how many principles they view within the film and more concerned with how the principles they do recognize can be used to develop themselves as a leader. Obtain copies of the Crew Cohesion Assessment Tool, developed by Mission-Centered Solutions, from the Wildland Fire Leadership Development website (http://www.fireleadership.gov/toolbox/documents/Crew_Cohesion_Assessment.pdf) for use with Guided Discussion, #1. If you have not used this tool, this might be an excellent opportunity to do so. The film can be viewed in its entirety or by clip selection, depending on facilitator intent and time schedules. Another method is to have the employee(s) view the film on his/her own and then hold the discussion session. Full-film Facilitation Suggestion: When opting for the full-film method, the facilitator should determine a good breaking point near the middle of the film. 1.Review the Wildland Fire Leadership Values and Principles with students. 2.Advise students to document instances within the film that illustrate/violate the Wildland Fire Leadership Values and Principles on the handout provided. 3.Break students into small discussion groups. 4.Show students 12 Angry Men. 5.Break. (Suggestion: When the jury takes their break.) 6.Begin the guided discussion. 7.Provide a short synopsis with some â€Å"ticklers† to pay attention before beginning the rest of the film. 8.Resume the film. 9.Have students discuss their findings and how they will apply leadership lessons learned to their role in wildland fire suppression. Facilitate discussion in groups that have difficulty. 10.Wrap up the session and encourage students to apply leadership lessons learned in their personal and work lives. Clip Facilitation Suggestion: 1.Review the Wildland Fire Leadership Value or Principle targeted for discussion. (May be given or ask students to identify the value or principle being illustrated after viewing the clip.) 2.Show the clip. 3.Facilitate discussion regarding the selected clip and corresponding value and/or principle. 4.Break students into small discussion groups. 5.Have students discuss their findings and how they will apply leadership lessons learned to their role in wildland fire suppression. Facilitate discussion in groups that may have difficulty. 6.Wrap up the session and encourage students to apply leadership lessons learned in their personal and work lives. Mentor Suggestion: Use either method presented above. The mentor should be available to the student to discuss lessons learned from the film as well as incorporating them to the student’s leadership self-development plan. Encouraging individuals to keep a leadership journal is an excellent way to document leadership values and principles that are practiced. Suggest other wildland fire leadership toolbox items that will contribute to the overall leadership development of the student. Other References: Advanced Knowledge. Twelve Angry Men: Teams That Don’t Quit. Facilitator Guide. 1998. (Goes with the Targeted Learning Corporation reference below.) http://advancedknowledge.com/twelve.pdf Clemens, John K. and Wolff, Melora. Movies to Manage By. Chapter 6 – â€Å"Socratic Leadership—12 Angry Men,† pp. 117-137. 1999. Kouzes, James and Posner, Barry. The Leadership Challenge. Third Edition. 2002. www.theleadershipchallenge.com Patnode, Major Norman H (USAF). Program Management and Leadership. The Socratic Method – Leveraging Questions to Increase Performance. November-December 2002. Targeted Learning Corporation. Twelve Angry Men – Teams That Don’t Quit http://www.targetlearn.com/documentation/TWEL000.pdf University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, Managerial Psychology. Summary of Class Discussion on â€Å"Twelve Angry Men,† with connections toâ€Å"Six Principles of Group Decision Making.† 2005. http://gsbwww.uchicago.edu/fac/joshua.klayman/teaching/ManagerialPsych-05B/3-12%20angry%20handout-2005B.doc. Hyperlinks have been included to facilitate the use of the Wildland Fire Leadership Development Program website. Encourage students of leadership to visit the website at http://www.fireleadership.gov. Wildland Fire Leadership Values and Principles Duty Be proficient in your job, both technically and as a leader. Take charge when in charge. Adhere to professional standard operating procedures. Develop a plan to accomplish given objectives. Make sound and timely decisions. Maintain situation awareness in order to anticipate needed actions. Develop contingencies and consider consequences. Improvise within the commander’s intent to handle a rapidly changing environment. Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised and accomplished. Issue clear instructions. Observe and assess actions in progress without micro-managing. Use positive feedback to modify duties, tasks and assignments when appropriate. Develop your subordinates for the future. Clearly state expectations. Delegate those tasks that you are not required to do personally. Consider individual skill levels and development needs when assigning tasks. Respect  Know your subordinates and look out for their well being. Put the safety of your subordinates above all other objectives. Take care of your subordinate’s needs. Resolve conflicts between individuals on the team. Keep your subordinates informed. Provide accurate and timely briefings. Give the reason (intent) for assignments and tasks. Make yourself available to answer questions at appropriate times. Build the team. Conduct frequent debriefings with the team to identify lessons learned. Recognize individual and team accomplishments and reward them appropriately. Apply disciplinary measures equally. Employ your subordinates in accordance with their capabilities. Observe human behavior as well as fire behavior. Provide early warning to subordinates of tasks they will be responsible for. Consider team experience, fatigue and physical limitations when accepting assignments. Integrity  Know yourself and seek improvement. Know the strengths/weaknesses in your character and skill level. Ask questions of peers and superiors. Actively listen to feedback from subordinates. Seek responsibility and accept responsibility for your actions. Accept full responsibility for and correct poor team performance. Credit subordinates for good performance. Keep your superiors informed of your actions. Set the example. Share the hazards and hardships with your subordinates. Don’t show discouragement when facing set backs. Choose the difficult right over the easy wrong. 12 Angry Men 1.Document film clips illustrating the Wildland Fire Leadership Values and Principles. 2.Discuss leadership lessons learned from the film with group members or mentor. Duty Be proficient in your job, both technically and as a leader. Make sound and timely decisions. Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised and accomplished. Develop your subordinates for the future. Respect Know your subordinates and look out for their well being. Keep your subordinates informed. Build the team. Employ your subordinates in accordance with their capabilities. Integrity Know yourself and seek improvement. Seek responsibility and accept responsibility for your actions. Set the example. 12 Angry Men Guided Discussion 1.Using the Mission-Centered Solutions Crew Cohesion Assessment that your facilitator has provided, identify scenes in the movie that relate to the behaviors listed on the assessment. 2.Identify at least three positive behaviors or actions that you saw in the movie that can make your team more effective? 3.Which of the characters in the movie appear to be leaders? How effective are they? 4.One of the promotional posters for the movie stated â€Å"Life is in their hands – Death is on their minds. It explodes like 12 sticks of dynamite!† What does this statement imply about the situation and how does this relate to life on the fireline? 5.How does the decision-making environment of the movie parallel that of the wildland fire service? What lessons will you take from the movie to make your team stronger? 6.Juror #3 has sat on many cases and has a negative view of lawyers. He seemed to have determined guilt even prior to hearing the case. How does complacency affect decision-making and team effectiveness within the wildland fire community? Discuss instances of complacency that you have experienced. How did you handle those situations? 7.Juror #10 questions the Foreman’s ability to lead stating the Foreman is a â€Å"kid.† This in turn leads to the Foreman questioning his leadership skills. Discuss instances when you witnessed a supervisor disregarding suggestions from a subordinate because the supervisor felt the subordinate lacked the knowledge/experience to make such a suggestion. Was the supervisor’s concern warranted? How did you handle the situation? 8.Juror #7 changes his vote from guilty to not guilty in order to bring about consensus even though he believes the defendant is guilty. What Wildland Fire Leadership Values and Principles does the character compromise? 9.Individual jurors allowed personal feelings (age, ethnicity, class, prior relationships, etc.) to play a major role in determining their verdict of the defendant. How would you handle a crew/team member who allowed his/her personal feelings to compromise the group’s mission? 12 Angry Men The following clips illustrate the Wildland Leadership Values and Principles. These are only guidelines and may be interpreted differently by other views; they are presented as a guide for facilitation. Duty The judge gives the jury final instructions. (Issue clear instructions and clearly state expectations.) Juror #4 explains that is customary to take a preliminary vote. (Adhere to professional operating procedures.) Juror #8 does not intend to change anyone’s verdict; he just wants to talk. (Clearly state expectations.) A time limit is set on how long the jury will deliberate before declaring themselves a hung jury. (Develop a plan to accomplish objectives.) The Foreman of the jury had a responsibility to lead the group; he gives up. (Be proficient in your jub, both technically and as a leader.) Respect Juror #8 asks the right questions to invoke responses and action from Juror #3. (Observe human behavior as well as fire behavior.) Juror #6 defends Juror #9 when Juror #3 attacks the older gentleman. (Put the safety of your subordinates above all other objectives.) Each juror gives his reasoning for verdict. (Give the reason for assignments and tasks.) The Foreman gets Juror #8 the exhibits he wants even though he pretty much gives up his leadership role. (Take care of your subordinate’s needs.) Juror #8 agrees to give his reasoning although the goal of the group was to change his verdict. (Make yourself available to answer questions at appropriate times.) Integrity Juror #8 declares a non-guilty verdict. (Choose the difficult right over the easy wrong.) Juror #8 doesn’t know if the defendant is guilty or innocent; just wants to talk. (Ask questions of peers and superiors.) The foreman loses his composure as a leader. (Don’t show discouragement when facing set backs.) Jurors change their verdicts after listening to others. (Actively listen to feedback from superiors.) Jurors #3 and 10 realize personal issues have clouded their judgment. (Accept full responsibility for and correct poor team performance) 12 Angry Men Guided Discussion – Possible Answers 1.Using the Mission-Centered Solutions Crew Cohesion Assessment that your facilitator has provided, identify scenes in the movie that relate to the behaviors listed on the assessment. Answers will vary, but may include: Judge debriefs the jury and provides final instructions—commander’s intent. (Learning and Communication) Conflict occurs many times between jury members—some are addressed. (Conflict) Jury members begin to feel the  environment change and trust is built. (Trust) Juror #8 discusses the need to uphold the U.S. Constitution—historic implications. (Teamwork) The jury is able to transition between high-stress and low-stress conditions. (Effectiveness) The jury comes to consensus. (Leadership) 2.Identify at least three positive behaviors or actions that you saw in the movie that can make your team more effective? Answers will vary, but may include: Not rushing to conclusions. Taking time to discuss a situation or topic. Talk openly and honestly. Promote team member equality. Learn more about one another—address diversity. 3.Which of the characters in the movie appear to be leaders? How effective are they? Answers will vary. Students should identify two prominent leaders—Jurors #1 and #8. Many instances exist when individuals assume a leadership role. 4.One of the promotional posters for the movie stated â€Å"Life is in their hands – Death is on their minds. It explodes like 12 sticks of dynamite!† What does this statement imply about the situation and how does this relate to life on the fireline? Viewers notice a very explosive environment—hot and humid day, lock down, diversity and age differences—even before deliberations begin. A control for leadership is waged at the beginning when members attack and overrule the foreman’s idea of a secret ballot. Once the vote is taken, an all-out war is waged against the one dissenter. These same situations are found in the wildland fire community. Firefighters are faced with explosive situations daily. Being able to handle decision-making under stress is critical to completing the mission in a safe and efficient manner. 5.How does the decision-making environment of the movie parallel that of the wildland fire service? What lessons will you take from the movie to make your team stronger? Answers will vary, but may include: Wildland firefighters must make decisions that can ultimately affect the lives of others. Rushes to judgment/action can result in the loss of life. Individuals may not let their concerns be known for various reasons—not tough enough, administrative concerns, politics. Wildland firefighters owe a duty to one another to talk about questions and concerns they have. 6.Juror #3 has sat on many juries and has a negative view of lawyers. He seemed to have determined guilt even prior to hearing the case. How does complacency affect decision-making and team effectiveness within the wildland fire community? Discuss instances of complacency that you have experienced. How did you handle those situations? Answers will vary, but may include: A rush to judgment. Increased safety risks. Breakdown in crew cohesion. 7.Juror #10 questions the Foreman’s ability to lead stating the Foreman is a â€Å"kid.† This in turn leads to the Foreman questioning his leadership skills. Discuss instances when you witnessed a supervisor disregarding suggestions because he/she felt a subordinate lacked the knowledge/experience to make such a suggestion. Was the supervisor’s concern warranted? How did you handle the situation? Answers will vary. 8.Juror #7 changes his vote from guilty to not guilty in order to bring about consensus even though he believes the defendant is guilty. What Wildland Fire Leadership Values and Principles does the character compromise? Answers will vary, but may include: All three values are compromised in some manner. He has a duty to the defendant to obtain a fair trial and to address reasonable doubt issues. The other jurors deserve respect from him. He should be putting the needs of the defendant and the other jurors in front of his own needs to see the baseball game. He lacks the integrity to accept the responsibility of being a juror and upholding the structure of the U.S. Constitution and the legal process. Numerous principles with the values are also compromised. 9.Individual jurors allowed personal feelings (age, ethnicity, class, prior relationships, etc.) to play a major role in determining their verdict of the defendant. How would you handle a crew/team member who allowed his/her personal feelings to compromise the group’s mission? Answers will vary.

The Legalization Of Polygamy - 1349 Words

The Legalization of Polygamy Sex is one of the most widely controversial topics in America. The subject comes up in multiple situations: dinner parties, coffee dates, even when someone is eavesdropping on a neighbor s endeavors with his mistress. Nowadays, it seems as if horror stories about infidelity are more common than happy marriages. Cheating on a spouse is morally wrong, so why not make it easy and legalize the act of polygamy? Polygamy is defined as willfully and knowingly having more than one husband or wife. As unnatural as it seems, many successful people have been in multiple marriages at once. The founder of the Mormons, Joseph Smith Jr., had up to thirty-three wives, all ranging from the ages of fourteen to sixty. One of†¦show more content†¦Both men practiced polygamy, which was frowned upon greatly by the Republican Party during the Civil War. In 1862, Senator Justin Morrill succeeded in passing the Morrill Act for the Suppression of Polygamy, which punished bigamy in any territory under federal jurisdiction with a â€Å"fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, and . . . imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years† (Duncan 318). This angered the Mormons greatly and tried to gain the right for polygamy. After timeless efforts and multiple failures, they started to practice underground. The final straw before underground families was the Short Creek Raid in 1953. Police arrested the prophet, two men and three of their wives in a little place known as Short Creek, right above the Grand Canyon. The two men were arrested for cohabitation, which lead to government forces joining alliances with Utah, Arizona, and Idaho to raid Short Creek again. The raid resulted in forty-six arrests of men and women in the community (Duncan 321). Following the raid, numerous families had to go into hiding and live their lives as inconspicuously as possible. There are four polygnist clans. Unfortunately, these families had a great deal of hardships . Many children in the underground world of polygamy are home-schooled, further insulating them from the outside world. In 2000, the FLDS forced families on a wholesale basis to remove their children from kindergarten through